Carbon sodium tube energy storage technology

How does microstructure affect sodium storage performance of hard carbon?

In the microstructure of hard carbon, pseudo-graphitic crystallites, defects and nanopores are three key features, which directly contribute to sodium-ions storage, affecting sodium storage performance of hard carbon .

How sodium ions can be stored in hard carbon?

According to the sodium storage mechanism, sodium ions can be stored in hard carbon by adsorption, insertion and pore filling. However, some stored sodium ions will be difficult to be withdrew from hard carbon, which results in large irreversible capacity loss. The irreversible sodium-ion storage is also one important reason leading to low ICE.

What is sodium based energy storage?

Sodium-based energy storage technologies including sodium batteries and sodium capacitors can fulfill the various requirements of different applications such as large-scale energy storage or low-speed/short-distance electrical vehicle. [ 14]

Are sodium-based energy storage technologies a viable alternative to lithium-ion batteries?

As one of the potential alternatives to current lithium-ion batteries, sodium-based energy storage technologies including sodium batteries and capacitors are widely attracting increasing attention from both industry and academia.

Are advanced material design strategies needed for sodium-based energy storage technologies?

Therefore, advanced material design strategies are needed to address those issues of electrode materials including hard carbons and thus enhance the overall sustainability of sodium-based energy storage technologies.

What are the advantages of sodium-based energy storage devices?

In addition, there is one more potential advantage of sodium-based energy storage devices for their energy density, which is the possible usage of lighter and cheaper aluminum current collectors on both sides (Figure 8a ). [ 49]