Raw materials for energy storage facilities

Which raw materials are used in electricity generation technologies?

The remaining materials (Ag, Cd, Dy, Ga, In, Mn, Nd, Ni, Se, and Te) we designate as “specialty metals.” This is not an exhaustive list of raw materials used in electricity generation technologies.

What raw materials are needed for power transformation?

Sweeping transformation and growth of the power sector will require considerable inputs of emission-intensive raw materials, from critical materials such as rare earth (in particular neodymium [Nd], dysprosium [Dy]) and semi-/precious metals to structural materials such as cement, steel, and fiberglass.

How can thermal energy be stored?

Storage of thermal energy can be accomplished by heating or cooling liquids or solid materials (e.g., rocks, concrete) without causing a phase change in the material, or by taking advantage of the enthalpy made available in the phase change between the solid and liquid states (e.g., ice).

What chemistry can be used for large-scale energy storage?

Another Na-based chemistry of interest for large-scale energy storage is the Na-NiCl 2 (so called, ZEBRA) 55, 57 battery that typically operates at 300°C and provides 2.58 V.

Which raw materials are not secure?

The supply of five of the raw materials (cobalt, graphite, lithium, manganese, nickel) are not secure as they are on the USGS draft 2021 U.S. Critical Mineral list (2021 Draft List of Critical Materials, 2021). The lack of a domestic market, domestic suppliers, and significant reliance on imported goods are the underlying cause.

What is future raw materials supply?

This book analyses future raw materials supply from the society relying mostly on renewable energies that significantly influence everybody’s life. It addresses primary and secondary resources and substitution, not only from technical but also socioeconomic and ethical points of view.