Ashgabat imported energy storage vehicle

Can electric vehicle batteries satisfy stationary battery storage demand in the EU?

Xu et al. (2023) have concluded that electric vehicle batteries can satisfy stationary battery storage demand in the EU by as early as 2030, but they did not consider the resource implications of displacing new stationary batteries (NSBs) by V2G and SLBs 15.

Can vehicle-to-grid and second-life batteries reduce resource use?

We investigate the potential of vehicle-to-grid and second-life batteries to reduce resource use by displacing new stationary batteries dedicated to grid storage.

Can EV batteries supply short-term storage facilities?

For higher vehicle utilisation, neglecting battery pack thermal management in the degradation model will generally result in worse battery lifetimes, leading to a conservative estimate of electric vehicle lifetime. As such our modelling suggests a conservative lower bound of the potential for EV batteries to supply short-term storage facilities.

Will electric vehicles cover the need for stationary storage by 2040?

Based on dynamic material flow analysis, we show that equipping around 50% of electric vehicles with vehicle-to-grid or reusing 40% of electric vehicle batteries for second life each have the potential to fully cover the European Union’s need for stationary storage by 2040.